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>N.J. OKs medical marijuana bill

>Associated Press

https://www.courierpostonline.com/article/20081216/NEWS01/812160348/1006/news01

New Jersey moved closer to allowing chronically ill patients to smoke marijuana to relieve symptoms of pain and nausea by advancing a medical marijuana bill Monday.

The bill was approved 6-1 by the Senate Health Committee following a lengthy and sometimes passionate hearing that attracted scores of supporters and detractors including a doctor, multiple sclerosis patients, and a marijuana grower from Canada.

New Jersey would become the 14th state with a medical marijuana law on its books.

Those who favor the bill, including its Senate sponsor, Sen. Nicholas Scutari of Linden, said the “Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act” would allow a “new route of treatment” for patients with AIDS, cancer, MS, and other serious illnesses for whom other drugs fail.

“Society is able to distinguish between the lawful use of a substance” and recreational use or drug abuse,” said Scutari, a Democrat.

The measure allows chronically ill patients to petition Human Services to allow them to use marijuana medicinally. Physician certification of their condition would be required.

If approved, the patient would be issued an identification card allowing them to grow six marijuana plants or access the drug at an alternative medicine center without fear of being arrested or prosecuted.

Responding to critics who say medicinal marijuana amounts to tacit approval of an illegal drug, Scutari said safeguards have been built in to the proposal.

Patients would not be able to smoke and drive, for example, and would be barred from smoking in public places. They’d be permitted to possess only a small amount of the drug, he said.

“This is not legalizing marijuana for recreational use,” he said.

Opponents argued that allowing patients to smoke marijuana is akin to approving drug use.

They said the pill Marinol, made from a synthetic form of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, has FDA approval and is as effective as smoking the drug.

David Evans, executive director of the national Drug Free Schools Coalition, cited the lack of scientific studies on marijuana use.

“You have to make sure it is safe,” he said. “There are no proper studies about dose, how many times do you take it. Once this bill is approved, you can smoke your head off all day long.”

Patients, however, disagreed.

They said they didn’t get high, but were able to function with the drug. Marinol did not work as well, if at all, they said.

Sen. Bill Baroni, a Hamilton Township Republican who voted for the bill, said he spent the weekend reading literature on both sides of the argument.

“The people who are asking us to do this today, these are people who can’t play piggyback with their 3-year-old. These are people who get up every day and battle HIV/AIDS. They are people who wonder if their chemotherapy is going to work,” said Baroni. “I can’t look at those folks and let them be perhaps the only ones who don’t have the ability to have less pain.”

A hearing two years ago brought celebrity Montel Williams to the New Jersey Statehouse. A longtime multiple sclerosis sufferer, Williams said he uses marijuana regularly.

The bill next heads to the full Senate for possible consideration. The Assembly held an informational hearing on the proposal last year, but has not scheduled it for a hearing. Similar proposals did not advance during the prior legislative session.

Most of the other states that began allowing medical marijuana have done so through ballot referendums. In New Jersey, the law must be changed by the Legislature.

States where medical marijuana is legal are: Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington.

https://www.courierpostonline.com/article/20081216/NEWS01/812160348/1006/news01

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>Moonachie Students Use Discarded Items to Decorate Christmas Tree

>Recycled items deck the halls in this school

THE RECORD
Monday, December 15, 2008

BY JOHN A. GAVIN

MOONACHIE — The theme this year at the Robert L. Craig School has been recycling — reusing old items that otherwise would be discarded.

There are trash receptacles made of soda cans, Styrofoam food containers that now store paint, and a collection bin for used batteries.

But perhaps the most innovative idea is a 6-foot tall Christmas tree. It is a work of art designed by students using a secondhand ladder as its base; outfitted with cardboard tubing as a dowel; and decorated with bottle caps, string, old CDs and green transparent bags once used to hold The Record newspaper.

In fact, all the holiday décor at the Craig School has taken on a recycling theme, with wreaths, mini trees and menorahs ornamented with bottle caps, buttons, worn pipe cleaners and those green bags.

“I want them to have an appreciation for art,” said Lee Ten Hoeve, an art teacher, who came up with the theme: “Reduce, Re-Use, Recycle.”

“I know that everyone doesn’t have a talent for drawing, but they can be creative and become a problem solver,” she said.

At the 285-student school, youngsters used junk mail to design collages and created an American flag using bottle caps as the stars and scrap paper for the stripes. They wore hand-me-down hospital scrubs as smocks while painting and pasting.

“It’s good for the environment.” said James Pichardo, 12, a seventh-grader. “We need to recycle a lot of things.”

That theme will also be relayed in the school’s Christmas musical, “Have a Green Holiday,” an original script about the environment that students will perform Dec. 23.

Jillian Mazzo, 12, has persuaded her mom to make homemade Christmas wreaths and said she has already learned an invaluable lesson.

“Not only should we recycle, but it’s good for the economy, too,” Jillian said. “We need to help go green and use [the green] plastic bags as much as we can.”

At school, secretaries and support staff have also caught on, making double-sided photocopies and using small note pads instead of full sheets of paper to write memos.

“It brings an awareness to all the school,” said Mark Solimo, the school’s superintendent and principal.

Alejandra Torres, 12, was philosophical about the importance of saving the environment.
“If we don’t recycle soon, the trash in the landfills will overflow,” she said. “It would be bad for all living creatures. &hellip It’s really going to affect our generation and our kids.’ “

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>Village Council: Read This Before You Vote On North Walnut Street Redevelopment Project

>With no tenants, stores put on hold

Sunday, December 14, 2008
THE RECORD
BY ASHLEY KINDERGAN

RIVER EDGE – Construction of new retail space on the site of the former Huffman Koos furniture store will be delayed because developers say they are having difficulty securing tenants.

Demolition of the site at Route 4 and Kinderkamack Road is nearly complete, but there is no start date for construction. The economic slump has made possible tenants scarce, builders said.

“The new project will be delayed until tenancies can be secured,” said Paul Ciancia, a property co-owner. “It obviously doesn’t make much sense to build a multimillion-dollar center if there’s no tenant.”

Ciancia said he expects the project to go forward at a later date.

The developers received Planning Board approval last year to build two new retail buildings on the site in the Kinderkamack Road corridor slated for redevelopment.

Chuck Lanyard, president of the Goldstein Group, said the developers and retail outlets alike are waiting for an indication that the economy is on the mend before expanding. The Goldstein Group is marketing the town center.

“The retailer attitude is, ‘Why push to open more stores?’ ” Lanyard said. “They want to concentrate on making the stores they already have open as profitable as possible.”

Lanyard said that at a recent shopping center convention, retailers and developers were making plans and talking about future deals when the economy turns the corner. He is optimistic that the Huffman Koos project will lock in tenants and is courting gourmet supermarkets as potential users of the space.

Mayor Margaret Falahee Watkins said she was concerned about just what the Huffman Koos project’s difficulties would mean for redevelopment elsewhere along the corridor.

“I’m concerned that we really need to have redevelopment, but I think everyone is going to be at a standstill for quite a while,” Watkins said. “The major reason for it was to give tax relief. … I would pray there’s going to be some kind of relief because our residents are going to suffer, and I feel badly about it.”

The Huffman Koos site was not included in a list of buildings designated as an area in need of redevelopment by the Borough Council in 2006, but it sits near several properties in that zone. The Planning Board approved demolition of the existing building and construction of two new ones last October.

Councilman Thomas Smith said he had hoped the Huffman Koos project would spur other local developers to start their own projects. He said he was worried about the loss of tax revenue once the building is down if the owners should ask for a reassessment.

“I do believe if they put a good, viable project up there, it would encourage other owners in that area,” Smith said.

One downtown property owner said he is sticking by a plan to develop an abandoned site on Johnson Avenue next to Route 4. Calisto Bertin said he is using the economic downturn to secure permits from the borough and Department of Environmental Protection. By the time that process is done in approximately two years, he hopes the economy will have recovered.

“The economy is terrible now, and anyone who has property on the market right now knows it’s very difficult,” Bertin said. “But the thing is, we’re going to start now, and by the time we get through the approval process … our feeling is, the market will rebound.”

Bertin has received approval from the mayor and council to build a six-, eight- or 12-story building, with the first floor devoted to retail and the rest to dwelling units and possibly office space. A specific plan must still be finalized and approved by the Planning Board.

Smith said another property owner downtown is also floating a plan to construct a five- or six-story building, and yet another hopes to refurbish an existing building. All are continuing negotiations with the mayor and council. NJ Transit is also set to begin constructing mixed-use buildings near the North Hackensack train station, but has not yet sent out a request for proposals.

Redevelopment attorney Colin Quinn said developers are still negotiating and spending money on planners and architects, which is a good sign that construction will start eventually.

“There’s people working on this, and they’re spending time, money and effort on it,” Quinn said. “Once they see the appropriate economic indicators are there, they’re going to build the projects.”

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>We are just lowering the bar once again…..

>By accepting this tree (as decorated) we are just teaching kids that it is acceptable to use garbage as decorations. We are just lowering the bar.

The larger underlying message of this “teaching” will not serve them well in the future (when they leave the increasingly wacky bubble that is Ridgewood) even though it is the larger underlying message that the BOE and VC is specifically trying to teach them.

Ridgewood kids used to go into the world with a distinct advantage over their peers. Now the BOE and VC seem hell bent on sending them into the world with a distinct disadvantage.

Common sense left the administrators long ago and now it is being systematically removed from your children unless you teach it to them at home.

show?id=mjvuF8ceKoQ&bids=60066

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>Village Council Follows BOE Lead; Headcount Increase at Village Hall Planned Also

>ASSISTANT VILLAGE MANAGER- VILLAGE OF RIDGEWOOD, NJ. Ridgewood is a full service community in Bergen County, New Jersey, that operates under the Council Manager form of Government, Plan B of the Faulkner Act. While the Village is willing to look at a newcomer with the right skills, the applicant should have a four year college degree with graduate studies, preferably in Public Administration. An applicant with a minimum of three years of related experience is preferred. The position requires strong analytical skills, special project management, both written and communication skills and computer literacy. Job Responsibilities – will be to assist the Village Manager in overseeing several special projects in progress or about to begin in the Village. Interact with the various Department Directors on budgets, purchasing, grants, interlocal services, preparation of requests for proposals for professional services and assist in the preparation and coordination of other items to be presented to the Council. Send resume with cover letter to: James M. Ten Hoeve, Village Manager, Village of Ridgewood, 131 N. Maple Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 0745 or e-mail to [email protected]
Ad Posted December 1, Ad Removed December 31, 2008.

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>The tree is an embarrasment. This season is one of kindness, love and charity. A garbage strewn tree does not reflect the season.

>The tree is an embarrasment. This season is one of kindness, love and charity. A garbage strewn tree does not reflect the season.

And it is inappropriate for the holiday of Christmas or Hannukah or Kwansai…or anything else. I think Ms. Zusy needs to understand beauty and have some common sense in regard to when and HOW to use recycleables. There are so many wonderful things being done with recycleables. But the Ridgewood tree is not one of them. It is a disgrace. Children have to learn how to create something pleasing to the eye and to the heart when using recycleables. Creating is not just moving them from the recycle barrel to the tree!!!

Take the decorations down, NOW, and leave a beautiful lighted tree.
Another shame on Ridgewood. As a Ridgewood resident and taxpayer I stress that our council needs to be voted down and out.

1-800-FLOWERS.COMshow?id=mjvuF8ceKoQ&bids=100462

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>Charity begins at home well maybe not

>Boston Housing Authority ‘flabbergastered’ Barack Obama’s aunt living in Southie

By Jessica Fargen

https://bostonherald.com/news/2008/view.bg?articleid=1128958&format=text

A Boston Housing Authority director says Barack Obama’s aunt, a Kenyan woman who has lived in public housing for five years, is an “exemplary resident” and only recently did anyone know of her connection to the presidential contender.

Obama’s campaign spokesman Reid Cherlin confirmed to the Herald yesterday that Zeituni Onyango, 56, who lives on Flaherty Way in South Boston, is Obama’s aunt on his father’s side.

Onyango, a Kenyan native, is believed to be the “Aunti Zeituni” in Obama’s memoir, “Dreams From My Father.”

It wasn’t until recently, when a London newspaper started making inquiries about Onyango, that Deputy Director Bill McGonagle learned of the link.

McGonagle said BHA employees were caught off guard.

“We were as surprised as anyone,” he said. “We were a little bit flabbergasted.”

Onyango has lived in Boston public housing for five years, McGonagle said.

“She has been an exemplary resident,” he said.

She received a small stipend over the past year for working six hours a week as a volunteer resident health advocate in her complex, he said.

Little else is known about her.

Onyango had conversations with several BHA employees in recent days about her blood ties to the senator, McGonagle said. She proudly displays photos of Obama, including some that appear as old as 25 years, inside her first-floor apartment, McGonagle said.

A message left at Onyango’s apartment was not returned.

McGonagle asked that the media respect Onyango’s privacy.

“She is feeling very put upon,” he said.

[email protected]

https://bostonherald.com/news/2008/view.bg?articleid=1128958&format=text

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>Is it time for a Halloween curfew in Ridgewood?

>Halloween curfew continues promoting safety

By Lara Webb Barrett

For My Community Trend

To ensure everyone has a safe, fun holiday, Merchantville has had a Halloween curfew in place for children under age 18 for the past few years.

Now a crime prevention officer, Sgt. Fred Koehler was a police officer in Merchantville for 25 years and said there is much good to come from the Halloween curfew ordinance.

The ordinance, which is posted on the Merchantville Borough Web site, mandates that children be indoors by 7 p.m. from Oct. 29 to 31.

“The curfew has been on the books for some time now, and was adopted in 2003,” Koehler said.

Koehler discussed the reasons for implementing the curfew.

“First and foremost is the safety of the younger kids and getting them off the street,” said Koehler. “In addition, we want to keep the older kids off the street; in previous years, many had been coming in from out of town.”

The curfew also serves to deter Halloween-time pranks like egg throwing and other vandalism.

“Our curfew extends to cover the Wednesday and Thursday night prior to Halloween, especially pertaining to the older kids, for Mischief Night,” Koehler said. “Camden had a very bad Mischief Night in the past, and since we are so close to Camden, we don’t want to have a similar problem.”

Thanks to the curfew, Koehler said that Merchantville has had minimal vandalism on Mischief Night, or the night before Halloween.

“We used to have problems with vandalism — and it’s decreased dramatically,” said Koehler. “You may see toilet paper in the trees here and there, which washes away with the rain. All other vandalism has been greatly curtailed.”

According to Koehler, the curfew is popular with area homeowners.

“The parents also like the curfew, because they can turn their lights off at 7 p.m., and if they hear someone outside or in their yard, they can have the police check them out — and our residents don’t feel like they are intruding,” he said. “I have had nothing but compliments from parents on the curfew ordinance.”

Children’s safety as they trick-or-treat remains a top priority for the curfew.

In addition to having parents check through Halloween treats, Koehler offers 10 tips to help make Halloween even safer for all children:

1. Keep front doors and walkways illuminated.

2. Remove any item from your yard or porch which can be easily broken or taken, such as pumpkins and milk cans.

3. Make sure all doors and windows are locked.

4. Use your “peephole” to see who is there before you open the door.

5. Younger children should trick-or-treat during daylight hours under adult or older child supervision.
If no adult or other children are available, try to have them go with a group of children to a specific location.

6. Do not allow children to go into homes of people they don’t know.

7. Warn your children about strangers and accepting gifts or candy from people on the street.

8. If your child encounters a stranger or is accosted in any manner, report it immediately to the police.

9. When entertaining trick-or-treaters, try to recognize who you are giving candy to.
If you can’t recognize the individual or feel uncomfortable, do not feel obliged to open the door or give them candy.

10. Be suspicious of older children who come to your home more than once. They may be casing your house.
Koehler urges that parents can never be too cautious, or use too much common sense.

“If a child brings home, say, a Milky Way bar that seems to have a hole in it or a tear, throw it away,” said Koehler. “The same with fresh fruits — inspect it, and if parents want to give it to them, cut it open to make sure there is nothing inside.”

“If in doubt, throw it out,” Koehler added. “You can always go to the grocery store to buy them candy or fruit that you feel is safe.”

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>Blend to be reopened

>The Records
Thursday, October 30, 2008
BY BILL PITCHER
STAFF WRITER

Chris Shields, who became the majority investor of the failed Ridgewood bar, restaurant and music venue a year ago, purchased it for $789,000 in a bankruptcy auction today. He hopes to reopen during the winter.

Owner Lorie Montenigro closed the 4-year-old restaurant in July, after state authorities seized the liquor license for failure to pay taxes. The restaurant then filed for bankruptcy Sept. 15. Of the $4 million owed to creditors in the filing, $2.1 million was for a loan and interest from Shields.

“Last year, we never thought it would come to this. The whole bankruptcy thing came out of nowhere,” Shields said. “We obviously want to get it open and operating quickly.”

Shields outbid Hoboken restaurateur Michael Accardi, who owns Teak On The Hudson and Lana Lounge. Nick Russo, who owns the nearby buildings that house the restaurants Kumo and Dim Sum Dynasty, had opened bidding at $450,000 but Shields and Accardi took it from there, first in $25,000 increments, then $1,000 for the last few bids.

Shields later had to withstand three more rounds of bidding, as the equipment, lease and liquor license were offered as separate transactions, to see which scenario would raise the most cash. Edward Sullivan, who owns Blend’s building, was the high bidder for the liquor license, at $460,000, but the equipment fetched only $16,000 and the lease, just $1,000.

Shields’ bid must still be approved in bankruptcy court on Wednesday. The auction company, Springfield-based A.J. Willner, had been hoping the auction would fetch $700,000.

Bob Suede, who ran Blend’s weekly Singer Songwriter Showcase, was relieved to hear of Shields’ plan to reopen, saying no other North Jersey venue was comparable.

“I didn’t even book a singer-songwriter in another club, because I couldn’t find another place worthy,” he said. “Blend wasn’t just a club. This place was built on music. To know that love of music will continue is just fantastic.”

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>As many of your readers are aware, the Ridgewood Public School District has made a committment to select an elementary school textbook….

>Transcript of Op/Ed piece by Gavin Cunningham in the Friday, October 31 edition of The Ridgewood News:

As many of your readers are aware, the Ridgewood Public School District has made a committment to select an elementary school textbook or program for use in all schools, and to plan a professional development and implementation rollout to begin in the 2009-2010 school year. Along these lines, I attended a Ridgewood District Math Planning Team meeting on Monday night and participated in one of the many small group discussions facilitated by a member of the District administration. My comments to the facilitator and to the other district parents in my group reflected my disappointment with the math programs currently in use at my son’s elementary school (Travell) and at the middle school he will eventually attend (Benjamin Franklin).

Some of the district personnel I spoke to on Monday may have recalled my comments at the public microphone during the ‘kickoff’ Math Night in January. That evening, I expressed my frustration with the fact that none of the valid criticisms of the district’s K-8 math instructional program being offered in earnest by district parents and village taxpayers were reflected in any real way in the public remarks of the assembled Board trustees, district administrators, and school principals. I further explained that I was beginning to question the wisdom of my decision to purchase a home in Ridgewood and send my two sons and one daughter to the public schools here. This despite the fact that, as a graduate of Hawes Elementary, (then) Benjamin Franklin Junior High School, and Ridgewood High School, I am well aware of the excellent reputation the village holds in public education generally. Commenting on what I considered to be a mere “math appreciation” curriculum in place in Travell and BF middle school, I expressed my concern that by the time my children reach seventh or eighth grade, the inherent weaknesses of these math programs will have deprived them of a real chance to pursue a rewarding science, technology, enginering and mathematics (STEM) career. Having myself earned a Engineering degree at Pennsylvania State University, held an engineering design position for four years with an aerospace engineering firm in New Jersey, attended law school at night in Newark, and finally begun a career as a patent attorney in the tri-state area, I felt confident my opinion would hold at least some weight in the minds of those present.

Since that time, much has transpired, both locally and nationally, some of which (including the results of the recent Board of Ed elections) may indicate a certain level of satisfaction with the status quo, but most of which has reflected a wholesale rejection of constructivist approaches to elementary math instruction. In particular, the Presidential Math panel, in its recently released final report, not only emphasized math facts automaticity and subject matter mastery as two critical goals for America’s K-8 math instructional programs, but further singled out the wide spiraling approach employed by Everyday Math (Willard/Somerville) and like curricula, such as TERC/Investigation (Orchard/Travell), as being particularly incompatible with such goals. In light of these developments, I have become increasingly concerned with the fact that the Ridgewood district is actively considering standardizing on a constructivist-type curricula for K-8 mathematics instruction.

One gentleman (a district parent) in my small group at the Math Planning Team meeting expressed general satisfaction with his childrens’ collective experience with Everyday Math in his local grammar school, as well as with another constructivist-type mathematics curriculum (Connected Math Project II or CMP II) that is beginning to predominate in the Benjamin Franklin and George Washington middle schools. His fear was a return to what he described as “rote learning” in our schools, which he believes would detract from the goal of encouraging our children to think creatively. I have heard this argument repeatedly, and have no true quarrel with it. Unfortunately, the term “rote” is usually delivered as a means of squashing debate. In other words, and in my experience, those who wield the term “rote” seem to think that if they can somehow get that label to stick, there will be no need to come forward with any specific information or analysis to prove that the detractors of constructivist math programs are espousing a return to the ‘bad old days’ of boring drills and mindless memorization.

That being said, I have to admit that, at least as of Monday night, I couldn’t point to a valid option in terms of a full-featured math curriculum suitable for purchase by the district that skeptics like the aforementioned gentleman could easily support. For example, and regrettably, I have concluded that the domestically-distributed curriculum developed by the educational ministry of Singapore (Singapore Math), and which that county has used to go from “worst” in the 1970’s in the Far East (including a rock-bottom $300 per capita income) to “first” in recent student math performance rankings (as well as handsome economic gains), is still basically a “foreign flag” curriculum that is unlikely to be attractive to the administrators of a top U.S. public school district like Ridgewood.

Since then, and with some digging, I learned of a new alternative elementary mathematics program being developed for the U.S. market based on the corresponding elementary school program in Singapore. A division of the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (Great Source) is currently working with Marshall Cavendish to offer what appears to be a comprehensive curriculum called “Math in Focus” that will be available for use in U.S. classrooms from Kindergarten through fifth grade beginning in the Fall of 2009. Based on the information I have seen so far, the program will be rich in math content. (This is an area in which constructivist-type math programs have come under heavy fire.)

Descriptions of the in-development Math in Focus curriculum state that it will use a problem-based approach to achieve greater depth of instruction and improved mastery of basic math concepts. Similar to Everyday Math, Math in Focus will start with concrete examples and problems, and move on to pictorial representations before shifting to powerful abstract concepts and techniques.

Based on my background understanding of the Singapore Math program, once the abstract concepts and techniques are mastered, there will be little to no further use of concrete and pictorial techniques. (In my view, this is a sensible approach, akin to removing the training wheels from a child’s bicycle once they have shown that they are capable of riding freely.) Provided Math in Focus stays true to the mission of Singapore Math, any student requiring intervention to maintain grade-level achievement will receive supplemental instruction during fourth and fifth grades, so that by sixth grade, each and every elementary school student will be prepared to transition into higher level math subjects with relative ease.

Math in Focus is already attracting attention in major school districts. An organization called Columbia Parents for Real Math created a Petition to the Columbia Public Schools Board of Education and Superintendent Phyillis Chase entitled “Math Excellence in Columbia Missouri Public Schools”. The Petition, written Ms. Michelle Pruitt, has attracted a total of 647 signatories. Ms. Pruitt has apparently accused the Columbia Public Schools administration of violating district policy because its Elementary Mathematics Program Evaluation Committee is presently considering only two programs, namely, Everyday Math and Investigations (second edition). In a June 1, 2008 letter to the Editor of the Columbia Tribune, the Committee denied the charge, claiming that they are actively considering “[a] third program called Math in Focus – the U.S. version of Singapore Math.” Interesting.

Anyone with a stake in the current math debate should take the time, as I am doing, to explore whether Houghton Mifflin Harcourt’s new Math in Focus program will meet our needs here in Ridgewood. For those of us, like me, who do not favor adopting either of Everyday Math or Investigations, a lot will depend on whether the final product comes through on its promise to employ rich math content to deliver both depth of instruction and mastery of basic math concepts. In the meantime, the publisher is offering to bring an onsite workshop to any interested school or district. The cost (about $4,500 for up to 60 participants) appears reasonable, particularly given the importance of the issue.

I urge the Ridgewood district to follow the lead of the Columbia Missouri public schools in actively (and publicly) considering Houghton Mifflin Harcourt’s Math in Focus program for purposes of a district-wide rollout in Fall 2009.

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>Ancient Origins of Halloween

>Halloween’s origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in).

The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark winter.

To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities.

During the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads and skins, and attempted to tell each other’s fortunes. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter.

By A.D. 43, Romans had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the course of the four hundred years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain.
The History of Halloween.

The first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead. The second was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of “bobbing” for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.

By the 800s, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands. In the seventh century, Pope Boniface IV designated November 1 All Saints’ Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs. It is widely believed today that the pope was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday. The celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints’ Day) and the night before it, the night of Samhain, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween. Even later, in A.D. 1000, the church would make November 2 All Souls’ Day, a day to honor the dead. It was celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels, and devils. Together, the three celebrations, the eve of All Saints’, All Saints’, and All Souls’, were called Hallowmas.

https://www.history.com/minisites/halloween/viewPage?pageId=713