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The Legend of St. Valentine
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photo by ArtChick.biz
The Legend of St. Valentine
https://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day
The history of Valentine’s Day–and the story of its patron saint–is shrouded in mystery. We do know that February has long been celebrated as a month of romance, and that St. Valentine’s Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. But who was Saint Valentine, and how did he become associated with this ancient rite?
The Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were often beaten and tortured. According to one legend, an imprisoned Valentine actually sent the first “valentine” greeting himself after he fell in love with a young girl–possibly his jailor’s daughter–who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter signed “From your Valentine,” an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories all emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic and–most importantly–romantic figure. By the Middle Ages, perhaps thanks to this reputation, Valentine would become one of the most popular saints in England and France.
Origins of Valentine’s Day: A Pagan Festival in February
While some believe that Valentine’s Day is celebrated in the middle of February to commemorate the anniversary of Valentine’s death or burial–which probably occurred around A.D. 270–others claim that the Christian church may have decided to place St. Valentine’s feast day in the middle of February in an effort to “Christianize” the pagan celebration of Lupercalia. Celebrated at the ides of February, or February 15, Lupercalia was a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus.
To begin the festival, members of the Luperci, an order of Roman priests, would gather at a sacred cave where the infants Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were believed to have been cared for by a she-wolf or lupa. The priests would sacrifice a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification. They would then strip the goat’s hide into strips, dip them into the sacrificial blood and take to the streets, gently slapping both women and crop fields with the goat hide. Far from being fearful, Roman women welcomed the touch of the hides because it was believed to make them more fertile in the coming year. Later in the day, according to legend, all the young women in the city would place their names in a big urn. The city’s bachelors would each choose a name and become paired for the year with his chosen woman. These matches often ended in marriage.
Valentine’s Day: A Day of Romance
Lupercalia survived the initial rise of Christianity and but was outlawed—as it was deemed “un-Christian”–at the end of the 5th century, when Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentine’s Day. It was not until much later, however, that the day became definitively associated with love. During the Middle Ages, it was commonly believed in France and England that February 14 was the beginning of birds’ mating season, which added to the idea that the middle of Valentine’s Day should be a day for romance.
Valentine greetings were popular as far back as the Middle Ages, though written Valentine’s didn’t begin to appear until after 1400. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written in 1415 by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. (The greeting is now part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London, England.) Several years later, it is believed that King Henry V hired a writer named John Lydgate to compose a valentine note to Catherine of Valois.
>TSA: Obama budget proposes new security, airline fees
>TSA: Obama budget proposes new security, airline fees
Obama budget proposes new security, airline fees(Reuters) – Airlines and their passengers would pay up to $32 billion in new air traffic and security fees over 10 years, and grants to big airports would fall sharply under White House budget proposals on Monday aimed at deficit reduction.
The Obama administration wants major carriers, their passengers, business jets and airports to pick up more of the costs of air travel and airport improvements that for years have been borne by taxpayers.
New fees are sure to trigger strong opposition from airlines and other aviation groups who argue that the industry is already over-taxed and over-regulated.
https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-usa-budget-transport-idUSTRE81C1BP20120213
>NJ Board of Public Utilities prepares to push CHP program
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>NATIONAL HISTORY DAY RECEIVES THE NATIONAL HUMANITIES MEDAL FROM PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA
>NATIONAL HISTORY DAY RECEIVES THE NATIONAL HUMANITIES MEDAL FROM PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA
COLLEGE PARK, Md. — National History Day (NHD), a year-long academic program focused on historical research for 6th to 12th grade students, was awarded the prestigious 2011 National Humanities Medal by President Barack Obama at a White House ceremony on Monday, February 13. Dr. Cathy Gorn, executive director of NHD, accepted the award on behalf of the NHD staff, board and honorary advisory council.
The National Humanities medals honor achievements in history, literature, education and cultural policy. For the first time ever, a K-12 education program received the National Humanities Medal. The citation for National History Day was for being “a program that inspires in American students a passion for history. Each year more than half a million children from across the country compete in this event, conducting research and producing websites, papers, performances, and documentaries to tell the human story.”
“It’s an honor to be recognized by the President and your peers for doing work that you love – helping students understand and appreciate history,” said Gorn. “NHD represents the most ambitious humanities learning model for middle and high school students in the United States today. I have witnessed firsthand that the study of history can change the life of a young person far beyond this program. These students achieve not only academically but are also prepared for life.”
“NHD is one of the nation’s most successful educational efforts in the humanities and much of the credit goes to Cathy Gorn,” said James F. Harris, chairman of the NHD board of trustees. “For 30 years, Gorn has dedicated herself to bringing history to life for students from across the nation and even the world. She is truly one of our nation’s unsung heroes, working each day to help ensure our students are prepared for college, the workforce and their responsibility as U.S. citizens.”
What began as a series of contests operating out of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio is today an international, year-long academic program for 6th to 12th graders focused on historical research. NHD operates in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. territories, and is expanding internationally in Europe, China, Indonesia and South Korea, serving more than half a million children annually with its unique approach to the hands-on learning of history.
NHD, a non-profit organization, has long been the beneficiary of National Endowment for the Humanities support in its efforts to find creative ways to strengthen teaching of the humanities in American schools. NEH grants helped grow NHD, beginning in 1978 as a pilot start-up project to its current status as a self-sustaining organization. NEH support has proven to be catalytic, too, as numerous foundations and corporate and private donors have made critical gifts in recent years.
The impact of National History Day goes far beyond the annual contest. A recent comprehensive study by Rockman et al found that students who participate in NHD develop a range of college and career-ready skills, and outperform their peers on state standardized tests across all subjects – including science and math.
Gorn said she is as proud of the National History Day winners as she is of the students who find a way to improve their education overall through their participation in the yearly program. She cites two remarkable examples in the last few years:
· Along with their teacher, three students from Adlai E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois helped change history in the famous “Mississippi Burning” case. The students selected the 1964 murders of civil rights workers in Philadelphia, Mississippi as their National History Day Project, creating a documentary that presented important new evidence and helped convince the state of Mississippi to investigate, reopen the case and convict Edgar Ray Killen for the murders.
· A special education student, whose former principal believed could not learn, created a documentary for National History Day as part of his history class, the only mainstream class he took. His first National History Day project went to the state finals, and in his second year of participation, he was a finalist in the annual contest. That same student was able to transition to all honors classes, with much of his progress attributed to the critical thinking and analysis skills he learned in developing National History Day projects.
“NHD works because it applies a research-based methodology, specifically engaging students in rigorous research, connecting teacher practice and instruction to student achievement, and providing students and teachers career-ready skills they can use outside the classroom,” Gorn said.
“Students have always told us how their NHD experience has changed their life, both in their academics and their careers. History not only teaches students about the stories of our past, but is vital to creating a generation of young people who can apply these lessons to the future,” said author and journalist Cokie Roberts, a member of the NHD Honorary Cabinet.
In addition to National History Day, this year’s honorees included Kwame Anthony Appiah, John Ashbery, Robert Darnton, Andrew Delbanco, Charles Rosen, Teofilo Ruiz, Ramón Saldívar and Amartya. In 1990, the late historian Dr. David Van Tassel won the predecessor to the National Humanities Medal – the Charles Frankel Prize – for his role as founder and president of National History Day.
>Insurers (ie…consumers) stuck with cost of Obama birth-control plan
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Insurers (ie…consumers) stuck with cost of Obama birth-control plan
By Lewis Krauskopf | Reuters – Fri, 10 Feb, 2012
(Reuters) – President Barack Obama’s compromise on free birth control coverage left health insurers stuck with the bill, sparking worries over the precedent set by the new policy.
Obama on Friday made insurers responsible for providing free birth control to employees of religious groups, aiming to placate outraged leaders of the Catholic church who oppose contraception and to defuse an election-year landmine.
Free birth control is mandated under Obama’s 2010 healthcare law. The administration has exempted houses of worship from the rule, but requires the coverage be made available to employees of religiously affiliated organizations such as hospitals and universities.
https://ca.news.yahoo.com/insurers-stuck-cost-obama-birth-control-plan-003257037.html
>Catholic Bishops: Obama’s Solution ‘Is Unacceptable’
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Catholic Bishops: Obama’s Solution ‘Is Unacceptable’
By Terence P. Jeffrey
(CNSNews.com) – The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a statement late on Friday declaring that the small alteration President Barack Obama had announced earlier in the day to a regulation that would force all health-care plans in the United States to cover sterilizations and all FDA-approved contraceptives–including those that cause abortion–is ‘unacceptable” because, among other things, it does not protect the freedom-of-conscience rights of secular for-profit employers, or secular non-profit employers, or religious insurers, or self-insured religious employers, or individual Americans.
https://cnsnews.com/news/article/catholic-bishops-obamas-solution-unacceptable
>Many Faiths Unite in Opposition to Obama Attack on Religious Liberty
>Many Faiths Unite in Opposition to Obama Attack on Religious Liberty
David S. AddingtonFebruary 6, 2012 at 6:46 pm
The Obama Administration’s mandate under the Obamacare statute that many religious employers provide health care coverage for contraception, abortifacients, and human sterilization tramples upon their constitutionally guaranteed free exercise of religion. Secretary Kathleen Sebelius of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recently announced the Administration policy. Many faiths have united in opposition to the Obama Administration attack on religious liberty.
>Southern Baptist leader: If Obama mandate isn’t changed, Christians will go to jail
>Southern Baptist leader: If Obama mandate isn’t changed, Christians will go to jail
BY BEN JOHNSON
Wed Feb 08, 2012 17:23 ESTComments (42)Tags: Richard Land, Southern Baptist
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, February 8, 2012, (LifeSiteNews.com) — One of the most influential evangelical leaders in the United States says Christians should go to jail rather than comply with the Obama administration’s mandate to provide all contraception, including abortion-inducing drugs, in their health care plans.
Dr. Richard Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC), told LifeSiteNews.com “we will not comply” with the Dept. of Health and Human Services’ mandate requiring religious institutions to cover abortifacient products such as Plan B, Ella, and the IUD.
https://www.lifesitenews.com/southern-baptist-leader-we-will-not-comply-with-hhs-mandate.html
>Decorated WWII veteran from Glen Rock inducted into Wall of Fame
>Decorated WWII veteran from Glen Rock inducted into Wall of Fame
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 2012
BY RICHARD DE SANTA
STAFF WRITER
GLEN ROCK GAZETTE
The late Thomas Lawson Hawkins, a Glen Rock native and decorated member of the famed World War II Tuskegee Airmen, has been selected for induction in the Ridgewood High School (RHS) Distinguished Alumni Wall of Fame. Flight Officer Hawkins was killed in the line of duty in Italy on March 7, 1945.
Glen Rock Borough Historian Sue Tryforos nominated Hawkins for the honor last year, after extensively researching his service with the famed squadron of African-American fliers for an article that appeared in the Glen Rock Gazette in January 2011. Tryforos was notified of his selection by the RHS administration in January.
Born in 1923 in Springfield, Mass., Hawkins moved to Glen Rock with parents William and Rebecca as a young child. The family resided in homes on Hamilton Avenue and Broad Street before settling on Dean Street by 1941.
>Kyrillos engages Menendez on healthcare
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>Finally looking to get it right Ridgewood officials justifies cost of Village Hall improvements
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photo by Boyd Loving
Finally looking to get it right Ridgewood officials justifies cost of Village Hall improvements
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 2012
BY JOSEPH CRAMER
STAFF WRITER
THE RIDGEWOOD NEWS
Restoration to the flood-damaged first floor of Village Hall will come at an initially higher cost than previous repair efforts, but the price tag will ultimately be justified by the proposed solution’s long-term sustainability and structural damage prevention in future flooding scenarios, village officials said
At a public meeting Wednesday, the Village Council introduced a bond ordinance to appropriate $550,000 for the remodeling and restoration of Village Hall’s first level.
Since the hall itself is prone to flooding due to its location in the Ho-Ho-Kus Brook floodplain, the first floor often takes on water in significant weather events. Most recently this occurred during Hurricane Irene, when several feet of water in the first level yielded around $90,000 in clean-up work and forced the relocation of community groups who normally use the space.
https://www.northjersey.com/news/139072764_Officials_say_sustainability_justifies_cost.html
>Education Department extends teacher evaluation pilot to as many as 30 more districts
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>Drones over U.S. get OK by Congress
>Drones over U.S. get OK by Congress
By Shaun Waterman-The Washington Times
Look! Up in the sky! Is it a bird? Is it a plane? It’s … a drone, and it’s watching you. That’s what privacy advocates fear from a bill Congress passed this week to make it easier for the government to fly unmanned spy planes in U.S. airspace.
The FAA Reauthorization Act, which President Obama is expected to sign, also orders the Federal Aviation Administration to develop regulations for the testing and licensing of commercial drones by 2015.
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/7/coming-to-a-sky-near-you/
>Lawmakers from N.J. and N.Y. outraged over Port Authority spending, call for rollback of toll hike
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